Starting seeds may seem intimidating to a beginner, but it's a reasonably straightforward process. This guide discusses the supplies you’ll need, teaches you how to prepare for planting, gives you step-by-step instructions for sowing, explains how to care for seedlings, and helps troubleshoot common problems.
The 50,000 pepper varieties are classified by their concentration of capsaicin, the compound giving them their “heat.” This value is designated as Scoville heat units (SHUs) and ranges from zero to millions. Sweet peppers score near zero SHUs, and hot peppers fall all over the scale.
Common pepper cultivars (and their SHUs):
Pepper plants have a longer growing season, meaning they take longer to go from seed to bearing ripe fruit, than many other vegetables in your garden. Sweet peppers take 60 to 90 days to mature and hot peppers up to 150.
Because plants are susceptible to frost, in cooler regions you should start seeds indoors approximately eight to ten weeks before the last spring frost for your area. For many people, a general rule is to plant seeds around Valentine’s Day. Once the threat of frost is low, you can move the young plants outside to your garden.
Reused items like potting soil and containers must be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized to remove pathogens or fungal spores. This is especially critical if you have had trouble with damping off in the past.
To sterilize your potting soil, thoroughly moisten it and place it in an oven-safe dish no more than three inches deep. Cover with aluminum foil and place in an oven preheated to 200°F. When the soil's internal temperature reaches 180°F, bake for thirty minutes without opening the oven door. Shut the oven off and keep the soil inside until it reaches room temperature.
Scrub the containers with soapy water and a soft-bristled brush to remove any potting soil, then rinse well. In a large bucket or a sink, mix one part bleach with nine parts water. Submerge the containers and let them soak for 15 minutes, then set them aside to dry.
If you’ve ever started seeds indoors before, you will already be familiar with the basic instructions. The following steps are tailored to pepper seeds specifically.
Before planting, many seeds are best soaked in water to accelerate germination and improve the number of seeds that sprout. It is best to soak pepper seeds for several hours until they begin sinking to the bottom of the container. The water softens the hard seed coat, exposing the embryo to moisture and kickstarting growth.
Pre-moisten the potting soil by putting some in a large basin or bucket and adding lukewarm water. Use a clean trowel, serving spoon, or your hands to mix it thoroughly. The potting soil should feel damp but not soggy. It should hold together in a lump without excess water dripping if you squeeze a handful.
About 30 days after planting, seedlings develop the first set of true leaves, followed quickly by a second and third set. At this time, transplant them from the seed tray into individual containers to give the roots room to grow. Handling the seedlings also helps to toughen them. Be careful when pulling them apart to prevent breaking stems or damaging roots.
When grown outdoors, most peppers require a location classified as full sun, where they receive a minimum of six hours of sunlight daily. Indoors, they require twelve to sixteen hours of bright, indirect daylight. The best locations in your home for your peppers are by south- or west-facing windows. South-facing windows get the most sun. West-facing windows stream direct sunlight for a good portion of the day and are often shaded from the intense sun in the late afternoon.
There is a high likelihood the light inside your house isn’t sufficient for good growth, especially in the winter when there is less daylight. Plants that don’t get enough light will grow tall and spindly, lacking robust flavor. To compensate for low light and prevent legginess, purchase a simple and inexpensive grow light.
Peppers prefer daytime air temperatures between 70°F and 85°F. Keep nighttime air temps between 60°F and 75°F. This fluctuation mimics the drop in temperatures outdoors once the sun goes down.
Beware extreme temperature variations when growing peppers indoors. These fluctuations cause internal stress, hindering plant growth and yields. To minimize variations, avoid putting your peppers where they can feel cold drafts from a door or window or register vents that blow heat during the winter.
Peppers grow best when the relative humidity is moderate to high. Ideal daytime humidity levels are between 70 and 80%, which isn’t always feasible indoors. Lower levels are sufficient, but anything below 50% relative humidity stresses the plant and may result in flowers drying up and falling off before pollination and fruiting.
You can increase the relative humidity around your peppers by grouping plants together or setting containers atop a pebble tray that holds water. To minimize fungal problems, create space between the plants for air to circulate or set up a small fan nearby to move air through the foliage.
Once seedlings have sprouted, keep the growing medium moist without overwatering. The preferred method is to water containers from the bottom. To do this, place the seed tray or container(s) in a shallow pan of water. The growing medium will only wick up the moisture it needs to fill the pore spaces. Bottom watering helps prevent overwatering and won’t dislodge the seeds or seedlings like overhead watering may.
Tap water is usually acceptable for your plants, but there are a few things to keep in mind:
There is no need to fertilize your seeds before they sprout. Inside every seed is an endosperm that stores food for the developing embryo. This “reserve” is enough to get the seedling started, especially since the plant’s needs are low because of its size. However, you’ll need to fertilize your peppers once their growth takes off.
When your seedlings develop the second (or third) set of true leaves, which is when you should transplant them into individual containers, you need to start fertilizing them. Peppers are heavy feeders, so they need to be “fed” regularly. Feed your seedlings a half dose of your chosen fertilizer when transplanted and then every two weeks. Options include fish emulsions; liquid seaweed extracts; pepper-specific blends; or a balanced, water-soluble formulation.
About a week before you hope to move seedlings outside to the garden, start acclimating them to outdoor conditions. This process, called “hardening off," helps minimize transplant shock from severe temperature variation and light-exposure differences. Start by setting the planting trays or containers outside in a sunny spot protected from the wind for a few hours. Gradually increase the length of time plants are outside every day, bringing them in at night, until it’s time to transplant.
When it’s time to plant your peppers in the garden, space plants twelve to eighteen inches apart within rows, leaving three feet of space between rows. Dig planting holes about twice as wide as the container and at least twice as deep.
Peppers grow roots along the stem if it is covered in soil. Set them in the planting holes slightly deeper than in their containers, anywhere to the first set of leaves. Burying them deeply like this creates a more extensive, robust root system.
Damping off is a problem caused by fungus or mold that thrives in cool, damp conditions, resulting in seedling death. The most effective way to avoid damping off is to increase air circulation by setting up a small fan nearby. Keep the potting soil moist while avoiding overwatering, and keep containers in a warm location.
When seedlings grow tall and spindly, it’s a sign they aren’t getting enough light. If you are using natural light, try moving the plants to a spot that gets more sun or supplement the lighting with a grow light. If you are using grow lights, they may be positioned too far from the plants. Place shims (books work well) under the trays so the plants are closer to the light source. Ideally, the lights should be four to six inches above the tops of the plants. Some seedlings grow faster than others, so stacking smaller shims works well, making it easy to maintain the proper spacing.
Because the seed only contains a small amount of food, young plants can discolor when these reserves deplete. A lack of phosphorus shows up as leaves with a reddish-purple hue. Yellow leaves can indicate your seedlings need nitrogen. To fix discolored leaves, apply a half dose of diluted plant food.
Indoor plants have fewer pest problems than outdoor plants, but fungus gnats are problematic indoors. You may have problems with aphids and spider mites, but they typically prefer larger plants with bigger leaves. Pest problems can be discouraged with increased air circulation and by avoiding overwatering; insecticidal soap or neem oil can also be used as a treatment.